Virulence of native entomopathogenic nematodes against major lepidopteran insect species of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Neelam Thakur; Preety Tomar; Simranjeet Kaur; Poonam Kumari

doi:10.7324/JABB.2022.10s102

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Abstract

In the present investigation, the bio-efficacy of indigenous entomopathogenic nematode (EPNs) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was evaluated against the third and fourth instar larvae of major lepidopteran insect pests, viz. pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), tabacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura), and cutworm (Agrotis segetum). Lepidopteran insect pests are responsible for causing high damage to agricultural and horticultural crops every year and it is becoming difficult to control these pests in the fields. The persistent use of chemical pesticides against these insect pests has resulted in development of resistance along with degradation of soil and human health. The two larval stages were exposed to 50, 100, 150, and 200 infective juveniles (IJs) for different time intervals and they all achieved high mortality after 120 hours. The results from the present laboratory experiment revealed that against H. armigera, the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of third instar larvae was 60.14 IJs/larvae and fourth instar larvae was 57.90 IJs/larvae, respectively. The LC50 values of S. litura observed were 59.95 and 50.91 IJs/larvae in third and fourth instar larvae, respectively, after 120 hours of exposure. The pathogenic effect of H. bacteriophora against the third and fourth instar larvae of A. segetum showed LC50 = 54.86 and 57.90 IJs/larvae, after 120 hours. It was further evaluated that there was an increase in mortality with the advancement of larval instars. The present findings indicate that native species of EPNs show high virulence against the local insect pest of tomatoes under laboratory conditions.

Keyword: Agrotis segetum bio-efficacy Helicoverpa armigera Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Spodoptera litura

Citation:

Thakur N, Tomar P, Kaur S, Kumari P. Virulence of native entomopathogenic nematodes against major lepidopteran insect species of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) J Appl Biol Biotech 2022; 10(Suppl 1):1-9.

Copyright: Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license.

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Reference

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10. Kranthi KR, Jadhav D, Wanjari R, Kranthi S, Russell D. Pyrethroid resistance and mechanisms of resistance in field strains of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 2001;94:253-63. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.253
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1. FAO. 2018. Available via http//www.fao.org/statisticaldatabases/ agriculture.

2. Wener J. Guide to tomato production in home gardens [Online]. 2000. Available via www.agrisupportonline.com

3. Lange WH, Bronson L. Insect pests of tomatoes. Annu Rev Entomol 1981;26:345-71. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.26.010181.002021

4. Kumar CA, Shivaraju C. Bioefficacy of newer insecticide molecules against tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Karnataka J Agric Sci 2009;22:588-90.

5. Sajjad M, Ashfaq M, Suhail A, Akhtar S. Screening of tomato genotypes for resistance to tomato fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) in Pakistan. Pak J Agric Sci 2011;48:59-62.

6. Mehrotra K. Status of insecticide resistance in insect pests. Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi, India, 2000.

7. Tay WT, Soria MF, Walsh T, Thomazoni D, Silvie P, Behere GT, et al. A brave new world for an old world pest: Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazil. PLoS One 2013;8:e80134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080134

8. Fitt GP. The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agroecosystems. Annu Rev Entomol 1989;34:17-53. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.000313

9. Garcia FM. Analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of Helicoverpa armigera Hb. in a tomato field using a stochastic approach. Biosys Eng 2006;93:253-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2005.12.011

10. Kranthi KR, Jadhav D, Wanjari R, Kranthi S, Russell D. Pyrethroid resistance and mechanisms of resistance in field strains of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 2001;94:253-63. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.253

11. Hill DS. Agricultural insect pests of the tropics and their control. Cambridge University Press Archive, Canbridge, UK, 1983.

12. Dhir B, Mohapatra H, Senapati B. Assessment of crop loss in groundnut due to tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (F.). Indian J Plant Prot 1992;20:215-7.

13. Rao GR, Wightman J, Rao DR. World review of the natural enemies and diseases of Spodoptera litura (F.)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Int J Trop Insect Sci 1993;14:273-84. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400014764

14. Yadav S, Patil J, Sharma H. Bio-efficacy of Steinernema carpocapsae against Spodoptera litura under laboratory condition. Int J Pure App Biosci 2017;5:165-72. https://doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2864

15. Ram G, Misra S, Dhamayanthi K. Relative susceptibility of advanced hybrids and promising cultivars of potato, Solanum tuberosum L. to greasy cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) in North-eastern plains. J Entomol Res 2001;25:183-7.

16. Mrowczynski M, Wachowiak H, Boron M. Cutworms-a dangerous pest in the autumn of 2003. Ochrana Roslin 2003;47:24-6.

17. Napiorkowska K, Gawowska J. Increase of harmfulness of caterpillars (Hadeninae and Noctuinae, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cabbage and other cole crops. Prog Plant Prot 2004;44:978-80.

18. Ministry of Agriculture of Turkey. The agricultural control technical recommendations. p 3, 2008.

19. Verma K, Verma A. Cutworm species associated with different crops in Himachal Pradesh. Insect Environ 2002;8:1-23.

20. Kaya HK, Gaugler R. Entomopathogenic nematodes. Ann Rev Ent 1993;38:181-206. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001145

21. Akhurst R, Boemare N, Gaugler R, Kaya H. Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. pp 75-90, 1990;

22. Bathon H. Impact of entomopathogenic nematodes on non-target hosts. Biocontrol Sci Technol 1996;6:421-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583159631398

23. Labaude S, Griffin CT. Transmission success of entomopathogenic nematodes used in pest control. Insects 2018;9:72. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9020072

24. Chitra P, Sujatha K, Jeyasankar A. Entomopathogenic nematode as a biocontrol agent-recent trends-a review. Int J Adv Res Biol Sci 2017;4:9-20. https://doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2017.04.01.002

25. Miles C, Blethen C, Gaugler R, Shapiro-Ilan D, Murray T. Using entomopathogenic nematodes for crop insect pest control. Pacific NW Ext 2012;544:1-9.

26. Ramos-rodríguez O, Campbell J, Christen J, Shapiro-Ilan D, Lewis E, Ramaswamy S. Attraction behaviour of three entomopathogenic nematode species towards infected and uninfected hosts. Parasitol 2006;134:729-38. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182006001880

27. San-Blas E, Gowen SR. Facultative scavenging as a survival strategy of entomopathogenic nematodes. Int J Parasitol 2008;38:85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.06.003

28. Poinar Jr G. Nematodes for biological control of insects. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p 340, 1979.

29. Shahina F, Mehreen G. Phylogenetic relationship of Pakistani entomopathogenic nematode strains on the basis of ITS-1, 5.8 S and ITS-2, D2-D3/28S (LSU) rDNA region and 12S rDNA mitochondrial gene. Pak J Nematol 2014;32:173-94.

30. Kaushik C. Molecular characterization of Steinernema pakistanense (Nematoda Steinernematidae) strain isolated from India. J Zool Stud 2016;3:22-6.

31. Rao Y, Rao PP, Varma A, Israel P. Tests with an insect parasitic nematode DD-136 (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) against the rice stem borer, Tryporyza incertulas Walker. Indian J Entomol 1971;45: 275-7.

32. Hussaini S. Progress of research work on entomopathogenic nematodes in India. In: Current status of research on entomopathogenic nematodes in India: Workshop on the Entomopathogenic Nematodes in India held on 22 and 23rd January, 2003. Project Directorate of Biological Control, Indian Council of Agricultural Research Bangalore, Karnataka, India, pp 27-68, 2003.

33. Yadav AK. Effects of storage temperature on survival and infectivity of three indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes strains (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) from Meghalaya, India. J Parasit Dis 2016;40:1150-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-014-0639-8

34. Koppenhöfer AM, Kaya HK. Ecological characterization of Steinernema rarum. J Invert Pathol 1999;73:120-8. https://doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1998.4822

35. Kulkarni N, Kushwaha DK, Mishra VK, Paunikar S. Effect of economical modification in artificial diet of greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Indian J Entomol 2012;74:36974.

36. Verma K. Bioecology and management of turnip moth (Lepidoptera, Noctidae) attacking vegetable crops. Ph.D. Thesis, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, pp 1-121, 1996.

37. White G. A method for obtaining infective nematode larvae from cultures. Science (Washington) 1927;66:302-3. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.66.1709.302.b

38. Orozco RA, Lee MM, Stock SP. Soil sampling and isolation of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). J Visualized Exp 2014;89:e52083. https://doi.org/10.3791/52083

39. Ross G. Maximum likelihood programme. The Numerical Algorithims Gr Rothmested Experiment Station, Harpendon, UK, pp 1-184, 1977.

40. Vashisth S. Distribution and biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic nematodes against some lepidopterous pests. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavavidyalaya, Palampur, India, 2014.

41. Grewal PS, Ehlers RU, Shapiro-Ilan DI. Nematodes as biocontrol agents. CABI, Wallingford, UK, pp 1-523, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851990170.0000

42. Gokte-Narkhedkar N, Bhanare K, Nawkarkar P, Chilliveri P, Fand BB, Kranthi S. Parasitic potential of entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis indica against two Lepidopteran insect pests of cotton, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricious). Phytoparasitica 2019;47:31-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-019-00715-4

43. Glazer I, Navon A. Activity and persistence of entomoparasitic nematodes tested against Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 1990;83:1795-800. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/83.5.1795

44. Vashisth S, Chandel Y, Chandel R. Comparative efficacy of indigenous heterorhabditid nematodes from north western Himalaya and Heterorhabditis indica (Poinar, Karunakar & David) against the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Int J Pest Manage 2019;65:16-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2018.1453099

45. Kary NE, Golizadeh A, Dastjerdi HR, Mohammadi D, Afghahi S, Omrani M, et al. A laboratory study of susceptibility of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) to three species of entomopathogenic nematodes. Mun Entomol Zool 2012;7:372-9.

46. Jothi B, Mehta U. Pathogenicity of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes against cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In: Biological control of lepidopteran pests. Proceedings of the Symposium of Biological Control of Lepidopteran Pests, Society for Biocontrol Advancement, 2002 July 17-18, Bangalore, India, 2003, pp 199-203.

47. Rosa J, Simões N. Evaluation of twenty-eight strains of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora isolated in Azores for biocontrol of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Biol Control 2004;29:409-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2003.07.004

48. Prabhuraj A, Patil B. Pathogenicity of Heterorhabditis indicus against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Indian J Entomol 2006;68:36.

49. Andaló V, Faria LSd, Carvalho FJ, Assis GAd, Santos V, Mendes SM, et al. Entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae. Arq Inst Biol 2021;88:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657000742019

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