HTML Full Text

Reference

1. Kothari SL, Kumar S, Vishnoi RK, Kothari A, Watanabe KN. Applications of biotechnology for improvement of millet crops: Review of progress and future prospects. Plant Biotechnol. 2005;22:81-8. https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.81

2. Banerjee P, Maitra S. The role of small millets as functional food to combat malnutrition in developing countries. Indian J Nat Sci. 2020;10:20412-7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402892101

3. Sher A, Nawaz A, Sarfraz M, Ijaz M, Ul-Allah S, Sattar A, et al. Advanced production technologies of millets. In: Agronomic Crops. Production Technologies. Vol. 1. Berlin: Springer; 2019. p. 273-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9151-5_15

4. Sharma N, Sharma L, Onkarappa D, Yogendra K, Bose J, Sharma RA. Molecular basis and engineering strategies for transcription factor-mediated reproductive-stage heat tolerance in crop plants. Agronomy. 2024;14(1):159. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010159

5. Maitra S, Praharaj S, Hossain A, Patro TSSK, Pramanick B, Shankar T, et al. Small millets: The next-generation smart crops in the modern era of climate change. In: Omics of Climate Resilient Small Millets. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2022. p. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3907-5_1

6. Maharajan T, Ceasar SA, Ajeesh Krishna TP. Harnessing the transcriptomic resources of millets to decipher climate resilience and nutrient enrichment traits. Crit Rev Plant Sci. 2024;43:348-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2024.2354981

7. Raut D, Sudeepthi B, Gawande KN, Reddy G, Vamsi S, Padhan SR, et al. Millet’s role as a climate resilient staple for future food security: A review. Int J Environ Climate Change. 2023;13(11):4542-52. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113634

8. Kudapa H, Barmukh R, Vemuri H, Gorthy S, Pinnamaneni R, Vetriventhan M, et al. Genetic and genomic interventions in crop biofortification: Examples in millets. Front Plant Sci. 2023;14:1123655. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1123655

9. Ghatak A, Pierides I, Singh RK, Srivastava RK, Varshney RK, Prasad M, et al. Millets for a sustainable future. J Exp Bot. 2025;76(6):1534-45. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erae507

10. Wilson MKL, VanBuren R. Leveraging millets for developing climate resilient agriculture. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2022;75:02683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102683

11. Tripathi T, Vyas S. From ancient grains to modern solutions: A history of millets and their significance in agriculture and food security. Int J Home Sci. 2023;9:72-8. https://doi.org/10.22271/23957476.2023. v9.i2b.1466

12. Lim TK. Coix lacryma-jobi. In: Edible Medicinal and Non- Medicinal Plants. Berlin: Springer Netherlands; 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5653-3_14

13. Osundinakin M, Ogunkanmi A, Onuminya T, Rotimi T, Ogundipe O. Physio-chemical properties responses of six fonio genotypes (Digitaria exilis and D. iburua) subjected to drought stress conditions. Adv Res Life Sci. 2023;7:22-32. https://doi.org/10.2478/arls-2023-0003

14. Jideani IA. Digitaria exilis (acha/fonio), Digitaria iburua (iburu/fonio) and Eleusine coracana (tamba/finger millet) Non-conventional cereal grains with potentials. Sci Res Essays. 2012;7:3834-43. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE12.416

15. Tripathi A, Shukla S. Methods of genetic transformation: Major emphasis to crop plants. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci. 2024;13(4):e10276. https://doi.org/10.55251/jmbfs.10276

16. Jaiswal S, Antala TJ, Mandavia MK, Chopra M, Jasrotia RS, Tomar RS, et al. Transcriptomic signature of drought response in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) and development of web-genomic resources. Sci Rep. 2018;8:3382. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21560-1

17. Xing G, Jin M, Qu R, Zhang J, Han Y, Han Y, et al. Genome-wide investigation of histone acetyltransferase gene family and its responses to biotic and abiotic stress in foxtail millet (Setaria italica [L.] P. Beauv). BMC Plant Biol. 2022;22:292. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-022-03676-9

18. Kothai N. Evaluation of salinity stress effects on seed germination and seedling growth and estimation of protein contents in Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.). J Stress Physiol Biochem. 2020;16:70-81.

19. Pan J, Li Z, Dai S, Ding H, Wang Q, Li X, et al. Integrative analyses of transcriptomics and metabolomics upon seed germination of foxtail millet in response to salinity. Sci Rep. 2020;10:13660. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70520-1

20. Bani Hani N, Aukour FJ, Al-Qinna MI. Investigating the pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) as a climate-smart drought-tolerant crop under Jordanian arid environments. Sustainability. 2022;14:12249. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912249

21. Magallon WN, Cabahug AG. Field performance of adlai (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) under organic planting system in acidic marginal upland in the Philippines. Int J Agric Technol. 2022;18:1671-82.

22. Sedithippa Janarthanan B. Saving farm subsidies with smart climate interventions: The case of transition to a millet-based agriculture. China Agric Econ Rev. 2024;16(2):249-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-05-2023-0129

23. Zimba S, Dougill A, Chanza C, Boesch C, Kepinski S. Gender differential in choices of crop variety traits and climate?smart cropping systems: Insights from sorghum and millet farmers in drought?prone areas of Malawi. Plants People Planet. 2023;7:689-703. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10467

24. Naresh RK, Bhatt R, Singh PK, Kumar Y, Tiwari H, Saini A, et al. Millet: The super food in context of climate change for combating food and water security: A review. Pharma Innov J.2023;12(3):1040-9.

25. Prasad PVV, Djanaguiraman M, Stewart ZP, Ciampitti IA. Agroclimatology of maize, sorghum, and pearl millet. In: Agroclimatology: Linking Agriculture to Climate. Vol. 60. Washington, DC: American Society of Agronomy; 2020. p. 201-41. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr60.2016.0005

26. Mukami A, Ngetich A, Mweu C, Oduor RO, Muthangya M, Mbinda WM. Differential characterization of physiological and biochemical responses during drought stress in finger millet varieties. Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 2019;25(4):837-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-019-00679-z

27. Terfa GN, Pan W, Hu L, Hao J, Zhao Q, Jia Y, et al. Mechanisms of salt and drought stress responses in foxtail millet. Plants (Basel). 2025;14(8):1215. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14081215

28. Seghatoleslami MJ, Kafi M, Majidi E. Effect of drought stress at different growth stages on yield and water use efficiency of five proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) genotypes. Pak J Bot. 2008;40(4):1427-32. https://doi.org/10.5455/FAA.277118

29. Bidinger FR, Mahalakshmi V, Rao GDP. Assessment of drought resistance in pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke). II. Estimation of genotype response to stress. Aust J Agric Res. 1987;38(1):49-59. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9870049

30. Kholova J, Hash CT, Kumar PL, Yadav RS, Ko?ová M, Vadez V. Terminal drought-tolerant pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] have high leaf ABA and limit transpiration at high vapour pressure deficit. J Exp Bot. 2010;61(5):1431-40. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq013

31. Roy T, Kalambukattu JG, Sarkar A, Rashmi I, Pal R, Singhal V, et al. Climate crisis and adoption of climate-smart agriculture technologies. In: Climate Crisis: Adaptive Approaches and Sustainability. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland; 2024. p. 229-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44397-8_13

32. Mehta D, Vyas S, Dudhagara D, Patel A, Parmar V. Significance of Indian millets in enhancing global food security: A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2024;2024:104527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104527

33. MOAFW (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare). Measures to Promote Crop Diversification; 2022. Available from: https://pib.gov.in/pressreleasepage.aspx?prid=1810902#:~:text=the%20department%20of%20agriculture%20%26%20farmers,water%20intensive%20paddy%20crop%20to [Last accessed on 2026 Jan 17].

34. Kumar S, Palve A, Joshi C, Srivastava RK. Crop biofortification for iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and vitamin A with transgenic approaches. Heliyon. 2019;5(6):e01914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01914

35. Khangar NS, Mohanasundari T. Measuring the Environmental Impact of Maize, Sorghum, and Millets Production in Madhya Pradesh: A Comparative Analysis Using Life Cycle Assessment. In: Asia Conference on Environment and Sustainable Development. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2023. p. 151-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3320-0_12

36. Patil PK, Sathyamoorthy NK, Geethalakshmi V, Manivannan V, Boomiraj K, Kokilavani S. Sustainable pearl millet cultivation: Choices in a changing climate. Maydica. 2024;67(2):101946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101946

37. Cavers PB, Kane M. The biology of Canadian weeds: 155. Panicum miliaceum L. Can J Plant Sci. 2016;96(6):939-88. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2015-0152

38. Ancharaz VD, Sultan RA. Aid for Trade and Climate Change Financing Mechanisms. ICTSD; 2010. Available from: https://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2010/04946.pdf [Last accessed on 2026 Jan 17].

39. Singh S, Suri S, Singh R. Potential and unrealized future possibilities of browntop millet in the food sector. Front Sustain Food Syst. 2022;6:974126. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.974126

40. Zeng Y, Yang J, Chen J, Pu X, Li X, Yang X, et al. Actional mechanisms of active ingredients in functional food Adlay for human health. Molecules. 2022;27:4808. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154808

41. Borkar VS, Chordiya MA. Ethno medicinal properties of Echinochloa colona and Hydrolea zeylanica: A review. World J Pharm Res. 2016;5:354-60.

42. Amare E, Grigoletto L, Corich V, Giacomini A, Lante A. Fatty acid profile, lipid quality and squalene content of teff (Eragrostis teff (Zucc.) trotter) and amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L.) varieties from Ethiopia. Appl Sci. 2021;11:3590. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083590

43. Nani A, Belarbi M, Ksouri-Megdiche W, Abdoul-Azize S, Benammar C, Ghiringhelli F, et al. Effects of polyphenols and lipids from Pennisetum glaucum grains on T-cell activation: modulation of Ca2+ and ERK1/ERK2 signaling. BMC Complement Alternat Med. 2015;15:426. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0946-3

44. Gong Z, Dong L, Lam S, Zhang D, Zong Y, Hao X, et al. Nutritional quality in response to elevated CO₂ concentration in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). J Cereal Sci. 2021;102:103318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103318

45. Muguerza M, Gondo T, Ishigaki G, Akashi R. Lignin content and digestibility in transgenic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) obtained by genetic manipulation of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene. Asian J Plant Sci. 2013;13:8-17. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2014.8.17

46. Liu Y, Ren J, Hu Y, Wang S, Mao J, Xu Y, et al. Effects of drought stress during the flowering period on the rhizosphere fungal diversity of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). Agronomy. 2023;13:2896. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13122896

47. Wasana RKR, Nuwan VGSI, Ediriweera ERHSS. Medicinal and Nutritional Value of Panicum miliaceum L. (Meneri): A Review. In: National Research Symposium; 2016.

48. Kumar A, Anju T, Kumar S, Chhapekar SS, Sreedharan S, Singh S, et al. Integrating omics and gene editing tools for rapid improvement of traditional food plants for diversified and sustainable food security. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(15):8093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158093

49. Dosad S, Chawla HS. In vitro plant regeneration and transformation studies in millets: Current status and future prospects. Indian J Plant Physiol. 2016;21(3):239-54. https:///doi.org/10.1007/s40502-016- 0240-5

50. Kothari SL, Agarwal K, Kumar S. Inorganic nutrient manipulation for highly improved in vitro plant regeneration in finger millet-Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant. 2004;40(5):515-9. https://doi.org/10.1079/ivp2004564

51. Mathew SA. In-vitro regeneration of Finger millet: Current status and future prospects. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 2025;160(2):32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-025-02974-y

52. Ragavendran C, Natarajan D. Role of plant tissue culture for improving the food security in India: A review update. In: Sustainable Agriculture Towards Food Security. Berlin: Springer; 2017. p. 231-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6647-4_13

53. Dosad S, Chawla HS. In vitro plant regeneration and transformation studies in millets: Current status and future prospects. Indian J Plant Physiol. 2016;21(3):239-54. https:///doi.org/10.1007/s40502-016-0240-5

54. Olatunji D, Geelen D, Verstraeten I. Control of endogenous auxin levels in plant root development. Int J Mol Sci. 207;18(12):2587. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122587

55. Ssebunya B, Kadzere I, Speiser B, Weidmann G. Pest and disease management in selected organic crops-a resource manual for trainers. 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7993450

56. Rangan TS. Growth and plantlet regeneration in tissue cultures of some Indian millets: Paspalum scrobiculatum L., Eleusine coracana Gaertn. and Pennisetum typhoideumPers. Zeitschrift Pflanzenphysiol. 1976;78(3):208-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044- 328X(73)80003-0

57. Wakizuka T, Yamaguchi T. The induction of enlarged apical domes in vitro and multi-shoot formation from finger millet (Eleusine coracana). Ann Bot. 1987;60(3):331-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087452

58. Kumar S, Agarwal K, Kothari SL. In vitro induction and enlargement of apical domes and formation of multiple shoots in finger millet, Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn and crowfoot grass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Curr Sci. 2001;81:1482-5.

59. Jamra G, Shah P, Agarwal A, Sharma D, Kumar A. Endogenous phytonutrient, phytochemical, and phytohormone levels modulate in-vitro callus induction and plant regeneration in finger millet (Eleusine coracana) genotypes. Plant Biosyst Int J Deal Aspects Plant Biol. 2021;156:1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2021.1 918779

60. Bernardo EL, Fernandez PG, Aspuria ET, Cadiz NM, Marcelino RT. In vitro seedling growth of adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) ‘Pulot’ and its response to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, benzylaminopurine, plain cow dung ash and Agnihotra ash. Philippine Agric Sci. 2020;103:245-55. https://doi.org/10.62550/FK21059017

61. Li G, Cao B, Feng J, Liu W, Yin Y. Pollen morphology, in vitro germination and another culture of Coix lacryma-jobi L cultivars. SM J Med Plant Stud. 2021;2:784612. https://doi.org/10.36876/smjmps784612

62. Ntui VO, Uyoh EA, Nakamura I, Mii M. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Fonio (Digitaria exilis (L.) Stapf). Afr J Biotechnol. 2017;16(23):1302-7. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2017.15903

63. Dosad S, Chawla HS. Optimization of different doses of growth regulators for in vitro regeneration of Echinochloa frumentacea Roxb. from caryopsis. Indian J Plant Physiol. 2015;20:339-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-015-0184-1

64. Yemets AI, Bayer GY, Blume YB. An effective procedure for in vitro culture of Eleusine coracana (L.) and its application. Int Scholar Res Notices. 2013;2013:7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/853121

65. Dosad S, Chawla HS. In vitro plant regeneration from mature seeds of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) through somatic embryogenesis. Indian J Plant Physiol. 205;20:360-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-015-0191-2

66. Pande A, Dosad S, Chawla HS, Arora S. In-vitro organogenesis and plant regeneration from seed-derived callus cultures of finger millet (Eleusine coracana). Braz J Bot. 205;38:19-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-014-0102-1

67. Satish L, Ceasar SA, Shilpha J, Rency AS, Rathinapriya P, Ramesh M. Direct plant regeneration from in vitro-derived shoot apical meristems of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant. 2015;51:192-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-015- 9672-2

68. Anju C, Rabindran R, Velazhahan R, Ravikesavan R. Callusing and regeneration in finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.]. Res J Agric Sci. 2016;7:324-9.

69. Satish L, Rency AS, Rathinapriya P, Ceasar SA, Pandian S, Rameshkumar R, et al. Influence of plant growth regulators and spermidine on somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in four Indian genotypes of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 2016;124:15-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-015-0870-8

70. Alex N, Cecilia M, Mathew N, Asunta M, Henry O, Wilton M. Efficient plant regeneration protocol for finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] via somatic embryogenesis. Afr J Biotechnol. 2018;17:660-7. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2018.16452

71. Kashyap A, Penak SM, Saha A, Singh BR. In vitro plant development of Eleusine coracana via indirect organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis using mature seeds as explants. Curr Sci. 2018;115(1):91-8. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2018.16452

72. Kumar S. High frequency in vitro plant regeneration from immature inflorescence (from) in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) gaertn. J Phytol Res. 2018;31.

73. Mukami A, Ngetich A, Mweu C, Muthangya M, Oduor RO, Ngugi M, et al. Rapid and efficient plant regeneration from shoot apical meristems of finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] via direct organogenesis. Afr J Biotechnol. 2018;17(29):898-905. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2018.16562

74. Feyissa T, Gebremedhen H. Somatic embryogenesis of Eleusine coracana on inducted seed explants. Cell Biol Dev. 2021;5(1):26-31. https://doi.org/10.13057/CELLBIOLDEV/V050104

75. Kansara RV, Solanki VH, Srivashtav VS, Patel RM, Gandhi KD, Mehta VS. In vitro regeneration through indirect organogenesis, genetic uniformity analysis and mineral content determination of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.). Biologia. 2023;78(1):67-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-022-01179-4

76. Plaza S, Blösch R, Tadele Z. Efficiency of in vitro regeneration is dependent on the genotype and size of explant in tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. Adv Crop Sci Technol. 2015;3(3):1000179. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000179

77. Lee SH, Lee DG, Ki-Won L. Evaluation of forage production and tissue culture efficiency of two teff grass (Eragrostis teff) cultivars. Res J Biotech. 2015;10:43-7. https://doi.org/10.5333/KGFS.2019.39.3.185

78. Sang-Hoon L, Dong-Gi L, Ki-Won L. Evaluation of forage production and tissue culture efficiency of two teff grass (Eragrostis teff) cultivars. Res J Biotechnol. 2015;10:43-7.

79. Rakhimzhanova AO, Bekkuzhina SS, Zhumabek AT, Ramankulov YM, Manabayeva SA. In vitro culture of foreign and local Panicum virgatum and Panicum miliaceum cultivars. Eur J Appl Biotechnol. 2018;3.

80. Liu B, Wu H, Yang S, Wu E, Yang P, Gao X. Efficient callus induction and regeneration in proso millet. Agron J.2021;113:4003-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20796

81. Chen L, Guan L, Anami E, Adachi T. Establishment of embryogenic suspension culture derived from leaflets of sexual bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) with regeneration ability in long term. Plant Biotechnol. 20011;18(3):209-14. https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.209

82. Ye XQ, She JM, Jia XP, Deng YM, Liang LJ, Tong HY, et al. Screening technique of salt-tolerant somatic mutant in Paspalum notatum Flugge. Jiangsu Nongye Xuebao. 2012;28(6):1247-52.

83. Kothari-Chajer A, Sharma M, Kachhwaha S, Kothari SL. Micronutrient optimization results into highly improved in vitro plant regeneration in kodo (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) and finger (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) millets. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 2008;94:105-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-008-9392-y

84. Lakshmi TR, Naji M, Al Ghazali M, Nazir M. Micropropagation and attempts to develop RAPD molecular markers for salt tolerant cultivars of pearl millet. Int J Res Sci. 2015;1(2):33-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijrs.2015.1.2.33

85. Maity PJ, Kulkarni VM, Vishnu B. Thidiazuron-induced multiple shoot regeneration and in vitro flowering in Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Phytomorphology. 2016;66(1/2):45-50.

86. Khan RT, Ilyas R, Saleem S, Bibi S, Khan MR, Younas MT, et al. Effects of different hormonal concentrations on in vitro regeneration and multiplication of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.). J Appl Res Plant Sci. 2022;3:311-6. https://doi.org/10.38211/joarps.2022.3.2.38

87. Fan YH, Xu Y, Zhu SC, Wang JJ, Jia JY, Huang LK. Construction of tissue culture regeneration system of Pennisetum glaucum. Acta Agrestia Sin. 2023;31(1):89.

88. Satish L, Rathinapriya P, Ceasar SA, Rency AS, Pandian S, Rameshkumar R, et al. Effects of cefotaxime, amino acids and carbon source on somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in four Indian genotypes of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant. 2015;52:140-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627- 015-9724-7

89. Iriawati I, Puspita M, Rodiansyah A. In vitro regeneration of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) cv. Buru Hotong. J Math Fundam Sci. 2017;49:171. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.math.fund. sci.2017.49.2.6

90. Rathinapriya P, Satish L, Rameshkumar R, Pandian S, Rency AS, Ramesh M. Role of activated charcoal and amino acids in developing an efficient regeneration system for foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) using leaf base segments. Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 2018;25:533-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-018-0619-z

91. Santos CM, Romeiro D, Silva JP, Basso MF, Molinari HBC, Centeno DC. An improved protocol for efficient transformation and regeneration of Setaria italica. Plant Cell Rep. 2020;39:501-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-019-02505-y

92. Kumar A, Pathak RK, Gupta SM, Gaur VS, Pandey D. Systems biology for smart crops and agricultural innovation: Filling the gaps between genotype and phenotype for complex traits linked with robust agricultural productivity and sustainability. OMICS. 2015;19(10):581-601. https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2015.0106

93. Ozyigit II, Yucebilgili Kurtoglu K. Particle bombardment technology and its applications in plants. Mol Biol Rep. 2020;47(12):9831-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-06001-5

94. Animasaun DA, Morakinyo JA, Mustapha OT. Assessment of the effects of gamma irradiation on the growth and yield of Digitaria exilis [Haller]. J Appl Biosci. 2014;75:6164. https://doi.org/10.4314/jab.v75i1.1

95. Nura S, Adamu AK, Adelanwa MA, Usman IS, Shehu K. Colchicine-induced mutagenesis for improved growth and yield of fonio (Digitaria exilis/[Kippist] Stapf.). Bayero J Pure Appl Sci. 2018;10:126. https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v10i2.22

96. Numan M, Serba DD, Ligaba-Osena A. Alternative strategies for multi-stress tolerance and yield improvement in millets. Genes (Basel). 2021;12(5):739. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12050739

97. Beyene G, Chauhan RD, Villmer J, Husic N, Wang N, Gebre E, et al. CRISPR/Cas9?mediated tetra?allelic mutation of the ‘Green Revolution’SEMIDWARF?1 (SD?1) gene confers lodging resistance in tef (Eragrostis tef). Plant Biotechnol J.2022;20(9):1716-29.

98. Cannarozzi G, Plaza-Wüthrich S, Esfeld K, Larti S, Wilson YS, Girma D, et al. Genome and transcriptome sequencing identifies breeding targets in the orphan crop tef (Eragrostis tef). BMC Genomics. 2014;15:581. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-581

99. Valentine ON, Edak AU, Ikuo N, Masahiro M. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Fonio (Digitaria exilis (L.) Stapf). Afr J Biotechnol. 207;16:1302-7. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2017.15903

100. Gupta P, Raghuvanshi S, Tyagi AK. Assessment of the efficiency of various gene promoters via biolistics in leaf and regenerating seed callus of millets, Eleusine coracana and Echinochloa crusgalli. Plant Biotechnol. 2001;18:275-82. https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.275

101. Sharma M, Kothari-Chajer A, Jagga-Chugh S, Kothari SL. Factors influencing Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 2010;105:93-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9846-x

102. Ignacimuthu S, Antony Ceasar S. Development of transgenic finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) resistant to leaf blast disease. J Biosci. 2012;37:135-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-011-9178-y

103. Jagga-Chugh S, Kachhwaha S, Sharma M, Kothari-Chajer A, Kothari SL. Optimization of factors influencing microprojectile bombardment-mediated genetic transformation of seed-derived callus and regeneration of transgenic plants in Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 2012;109:401-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-011-0104-7

104. Bayer GY, Yemets AI, Blume YB. Obtaining the transgenic lines of finger millet Eleusine coracana (L.). with dinitroaniline resistance. Cytol Genet. 2014;48:139-44. https://doi.org/10.3103/s0095452714030025

105. Satish L, Ceasar SA, Ramesh M. Improved Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and direct plant regeneration in four cultivars of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 2017;131:547-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-017- 1305-5

106. Pushpa BN, Kurnool K, Shankar AG. Development of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) transgenic for salt tolerance by overexpressing antiporter gene OsSOS1 involved in sodium extrusion. Ind J Pure Appl Biosci. 2020;8(6):598-610. https://doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.7757

107. Satish L, Rathinapriya P, Muthuramalingam P, Pandian S, Ceasar SA, Ramesh M. Overexpression of Erianthus arundinaceus DREB2 transcription factor ameliorates the salinity and drought tolerance in Eleusine coracana cultivars. Biol Life Sci Forum. 2020;4(1):8. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2020-08665

108. Gebre E, Gugsa L, Schlüter U, Kunert K. Transformation of tef (Eragrostis tef) by Agrobacterium through immature embryo regeneration system for inducing semi-dwarfism. South Afr J Bot. 2013;87:9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.03.004

109. Sandhu S, Altpeter F. Co-integration, co-expression and inheritance of unlinked minimal transgene expression cassettes in an apomictic turf and forage grass (Paspalum notatum Flugge). Plant Cell Rep. 2008;27:1755-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-008-0599-5

110. Bhatt R, Asopa PP, Jain R, Kothari-Chajer A, Kothari SL, Kachhwaha S. Optimization of Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation in Paspalum scrobiculatum L. (Kodo Millet). Agronomy. 2021;11:1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061104

111. Jha P, Shashi, Rustagi A, Agnihotri PK, Kulkarni VM, Bhat V. Efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. using shoot apices as explant source. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 2011;107:501-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-011-0001-0

112. O’Kennedy MM, Crampton BG, Lorito M, Chakauya E, Breese WA, Burger JT, et al. Expression of a β-1, 3-glucanase from a biocontrol fungus in transgenic pearl millet. South Afr J Bot. 2011;77(2):335- 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.09.016

113. Ramadevi R, Rao KV, Reddy VD. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation and production of stable transgenic pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant. 2014;50:392-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-013-9592-y

114. Kouakou T, Kouassi AB, Oulo NA, Gonedelé Bi S, Dinant M, Ledour L. In vitro transformation of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L). R. BR.): Selection of chlorsulfuron-resistant plants and long term expression of the gus gene under the control of the emu promoter. Afr J Biotechnol. 2015;14:3112-23. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2015.14983

115. Wang MZ. Culturing of immature inflorescences and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Afr J Biotechnol. 2011;10:16466-79. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb10.2330

116. Sood P, Singh RK, Prasad M. An efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method for foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.). Plant Cell Rep. 2020;39:511-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299- 019-02507-w

117. Sine B, Ndiaye A, Kanfany G, Grondin A, Ndiaye A, Faye A, et al. Physiological and molecular bases of drought and heat tolerance in pearl millet. In: Pearl Millet in the 21^st Century: Food-Nutrition-Climate Resilience-Improved Livelihoods. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2024. p. 247-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5890-0_10

118. Nair VD, Devi R. Breeding finger millet for abiotic stress tolerance: Strategies and challenges. In: Genetic Improvement of Small Millets. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2024. p. 225-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7232-6_11

119. Wu C, Zhang M, Liang Y, Zhang L, Diao X. Salt stress responses in foxtail millet: Physiological and molecular regulation. Crop J.2023;11(4):1011-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2023.06.001

120. Numan M, Khan AL, Asaf S, Salehin M, Beyene G, Tadele Z, et al. From traditional breeding to genome editing for boosting productivity of the ancient grain tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. Plants (Basel). 2021;10(4):628. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040628

121. Chakraborty A, Viswanath A, Malipatil R, Semalaiyappan J, Shah P, Ronanki S, et al. Identification of candidate genes regulating drought tolerance in pearl millet. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(13):6907. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136907

122. Zhou Y, Feng C, Wang Y, Yun C, Zou X, Cheng N, et al. Understanding of plant salt tolerance mechanisms and application to molecular breeding. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(20):10940. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252010940

123. Sharma A, Agrawal S, Chanu KP, Bopche V, Rattan A, Sharma A, et al. Millets: A Climate-Resilient Nutricereals for Mitigating Hidden Hunger and Providing Nutritional Security. In Millets: The Multi- Cereal Paradigm for Food Sustainability. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland; 2024. p. 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031- 64237-1_3

124. Saha D, Gowda MC, Arya L, Verma M, Bansal KC. Genetic and genomic resources of small millets. Crit Rev Plant Sci. 2016;35(1):56-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2016.1147907

125. Ambawat S, Singh S, Meena RC, Satyavathi CT. Biotechnological applications for improvement of the pearl millet crop. In: Pearl Millet. United States: CRC Press; 2020. p. 115-38.

126. Nelson R, Wiesner-Hanks T, Wisser R, Balint-Kurti P. Navigating complexity to breed disease-resistant crops. Nat Rev Genet. 2018;19(1):21-33. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2017.82 127.

127. Maharajan T, Krishna TPA, Krishnakumar NM, Vetriventhan M, Kudapa H, Ceasar SA. Role of genome sequences of major and minor millets in strengthening food and nutritional security for future generations. Agriculture. 2024;14(5):670. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050670

128. Mattoo R, Suman BM. 15 Genomics and Sustainable Practices to Improve Nutrition of Millets with Changing Climate. United States: CRC Press; 2023.

129. Vellaichamy Gandhimeyyan R, Chockalingam V, Muthurajan R, Raman R. Accelerating gene discovery in climate?resilient and nutrient?rich major and minor millets through genome?wide association studies: Progress and prospects. Plant Breed. 2023;142(4):389-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.13120

130. Sood S, Kumar A, Babu BK, Gaur VS, Pandey D, Kant L, et al. Gene discovery and advances in finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] genomics-an important nutri-cereal of future. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:1634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01634

131. Shivhare R, Lata C. Exploration of genetic and genomic resources for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in pearl millet. Front Plant Sci. 2017;7:2069. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.02069

132. Kage U, Kumar A, Dhokane D, Karre S, Kushalappa AC. Functional molecular markers for crop improvement. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2016;36(5):917-30. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2015.1062743

133. Ingle K, Thakur N, Moharil MP, Suprasanna P, Awio B, Narkhede G, et al. Current Status and Future 11 Prospects of Molecular Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) in Millets. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2023.

134. Srivastava RK, Singh RB, Pujarula VL, Bollam S, Pusuluri M, Chellapilla TS, et al. Genome-wide association studies and genomic selection in pearl millet: Advances and prospects. Front Genet. 2020;10:1389. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.01389

135. Ramesh D, Singh S, Shah P, Chakraborty A, Satyavathi TC, Thirunavukkarasu N. Trait mapping, marker-assisted selection, and introgression breeding in pearl millet. In: Pearl Millet in the 21^st Century: Food-Nutrition-Climate Resilience-Improved Livelihoods. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2024. p. 111-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5890-0_5

136. Zenda T, Liu S, Dong A, Duan H. Advances in cereal crop genomics for resilience under climate change. Life. 2021;11(6):502. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11060502

137. Ceasar A. Genome-editing in millets: Current knowledge and future perspectives. Mol Biol Rep. 2022;49(1):773-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06975-w

138. Lin CS, Hsu CT, Yang LH, Lee LY, Fu JY, Cheng QW, et al. Application of protoplast technology to CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis: From single?cell mutation detection to mutant plant regeneration. Plant Biotechnol J.2018;16(7):1295-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12870

139. Weckwerth W, Ghatak A, Bellaire A, Chaturvedi P, Varshney RK. PANOMICS meets germplasm. Plant Biotechnol J.2020;18(7):1507-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13372

140. Mane RS, Prasad BD, Sahni S, Quaiyum Z, Sharma VK. Biotechnological studies towards improvement of finger millet using multi-omics approaches. Funct Integr Genomics. 2024;24(5):148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-024-01438-4

141. Mushtaq M, Ahmad Dar A, Skalicky M, Tyagi A, Bhagat N, Basu U, et al. CRISPR-based genome editing tools: Insights into technological breakthroughs and future challenges. Genes (Basel). 2021;12(6):797. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12060797

142. Kumar M, Prusty MR, Pandey MK, Singh PK, Bohra A, Guo B, et al. Application of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing for abiotic stress management in crop plants. Front Plant Sci. 2023;14:1157678. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1157678

143. Hao JH, Kang X, Zhang L, Chen J, Wang D, Dong S, et al. CRISPR/Cas9?mediated SiEPF2 mutagenesis attenuates drought tolerance and yield in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Plant Cell Environ. 2025;48:6043-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15597

144. Goron TL, Raizada MN. Genetic diversity and genomic resources available for the small millet crops to accelerate a New Green Revolution. Front Plant Sci. 2015;6:157. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00157

145. Shahzad R, Jamil S, Ahmad S, Nisar A, Khan S, Amina Z, et al. Biofortification of cereals and pulses using new breeding techniques: Current and future perspectives. Front Nutr. 2021;8:721728. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.721728

146. Sood P, Singh RK, Prasad M. Millets genetic engineering: The progress made and prospects for the future. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 2019;137:421-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-019-01587-6

147. Kadapa S, Gunturi A, Gundreddy R, Kalwala SR, Mogallapu UB. Agronomic biofortification of millets: New way to alleviate malnutrition. In: Millets-Rediscover Ancient Grains. London: IntechOpen; 2023. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110805

148. Rao CK, Annadana S. Nutrient Biofortification of Staple Food Crops: Technologies, Products and Prospects. Phytonutritional Improvement of Crops. United States: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 2017. p. 113-83. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119079972.ch3

149. Ofori KF, Antoniello S, English MM, Aryee AN. Improving nutrition through biofortification-A systematic review. Front Nutr. 2022;9:1043655. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1043655

150. Govindaraj M, Karthikeyan A, Shobhana VG, Warkentin TD. Genomics-integrated breeding for carotenoids and folates in staple cereal grains to reduce malnutrition. Front Genet. 2020;11:44. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.00414

151. Kiran A, Wakeel A, Mahmood K, Mubaraka R, Hafsa, Haefele SM. Biofortification of staple crops to alleviate human malnutrition: Contributions and potential in developing countries. Agronomy. 2022;12(2):452. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020452

152. Raina A, Laskar RA, Wani MR, Khan S. Plant breeding strategies for abiotic stress tolerance in cereals. In: Omics Approach to Manage Abiotic Stress in Cereals. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2022. p. 151-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0140-9_8

153. Maja MM, Ayano SF. The impact of population growth on natural resources and farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change in low-income countries. Earth Syst Environ. 2021;5(2):271-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00209-6

154. Srikanth P, Sivakumar D, Sharma A, Kaushik N. Recent developments in omics techniques for improving plant abiotic stress using microbes. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2024;22:1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05957-2

155. Samtani R, Mishra SS, Neogi SB. Millets: Small grains, big impact in climate action. J Climate Change Health. 2024;20:100345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2024.100345

156. Paterson AH, Bowers JE, Bruggmann R, Dubchak I, Grimwood J, Gundlach H, et al. The Sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses. Nature. 2009;457(7229):551-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07723

157. Mace ES, Tai S, Gilding EK, Li Y, Prentis PJ, Bian L, et al. Whole-genome sequencing reveals untapped genetic potential in Africa’s indigenous cereal crop sorghum. Nat Commun. 2013;4:2320. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3320

158. Varshney RK, Shi C, Thudi M, Mariac C, Wallace J, Qi P, et al. Pearl millet genome sequence provides a resource to improve agronomic traits in arid environments. Nat Biotechnol. 2017;35(10):969-76. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3943

159. Sehgal D, Skot L, Singh R, Srivastava RK, Das SP, Taunk J, et al. Genomic selection for grain yield and drought-related traits in pearl millet. Plant Genome. 2021;14(1):e20090.

160. Bennetzen JL, Schmutz J, Wang H, Percifield R, Hawkins J, Pontaroli AC, et al. Reference genome sequence of the model plant Setaria italica. Nat Biotechnol. 2012;30(6):555-61. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2196

161. Mamidi S, Healey A, Huang P, Grimwood J, Jenkins J, Barry K, et al. A genome resource for green millet (Setaria viridis) enables discovery of agronomically valuable loci. Nat Biotechnol. 2020;38:1203-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-020-0681-2

162. Muthamilarasan M, Prasad M. Advances in Setaria genomics for genetic improvement of cereals and bioenergy grasses. Theor Appl Genet. 2015;128(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2399-3

163. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. Millet Explorer: World Production Data. International Production Assessment Division (IPAD); 2025. Available from: https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/cropview/commodityview.aspx?cropid=0459100 [Last accessed on 2026 Jan 17].

Article Metrics

Related Search

By author names

Similar Articles